Acronym Definition
HLAE Heat & Limited Ammo Entertainment
HLAE Heavy Lift Aircraft Equipment
HLAE Heavy Load Assessment Effort
HLAE Helicopter Landing Area Estates
HLAE Higgins Lectureship Award Examination
HLAE High Layer Compatibility Expense
HLAE High Level Approach Effort
HLAE High Level Architecture Estates
HLAE High Level Assembly Effort
HLAE High Level Assessment Effort
HLAE High-Level Analog Effort
HLAE High-Loss Area Edge
HLAE Higher-Level Agent Expression
HLAE Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen Effort
HLAE Historical Labor Application Examination
HLAE Home Location Agent Examination
HLAE Horizontal Line Array Examination
HLAE Human Leukocyte Antigen Examination
HLAE Hydraulic Lash Adjuster Experiment
HLAE Hydraulic Launch Assist Express
HLAE Hyperbaric Lighting Assemblies Effort
HLAE Home of Lake Ashuelot Estates
HLAE Home of Law Aptitude Examination
HLAE Home of Left Atrial Enlargement
HLAE Home of Lethal Attack of Emitters
HLAE Home of Level of Adversary Effort
HLAE Home of Licenciado En Administracion de Empresas
HLAE Home of Lightpath Add Edge
HLAE Home of Loss Adjustment Expense
HLAE Home of LucasArts Entertainment
Home of Lae
Lae is the second largest city of Papua New Guinea with a population of approx
120,000. It is located on the Huon Gulf on the north coast of Papua New Guinea,
close to the mouth of the Markham River. It is the capital of the Morobe
province and considered the industrial capital of Papua New Guinea.
Lae is at the start of the Highlands Highway which is the main land transport
corridor from the Highlands region to the coast. It is also the largest cargo
port of the country and is also the home of the University of Technology or 'Unitech'.
History
The town was born in the gold rush era of the 1920's and 30's. Like numerous
Papua New Guinea towns it sprung up around an airstrip (today's Lae Nadzab
Airport). Cargo arrived in Lae and then was transported by air to the goldfields
in Wau.
In July 1937 Lae made world news when American aviator, Amelia Earhart, was last
seen flying out of the airport on her way back to the USA. She was never seen
again.
When the volcanic eruptions occurred in Rabaul in 1937 a decision was made to
transfer the capital of the Territory of New Guinea to Lae. World War II got in
the way of the transfer and in 1942 the town was occupied by the Empire of
Japan. Lae, Rabaul and Salamaua became the major Japanese bases in New Guinea.
In mid-1943, after defeats in the Kokoda Track campaign, the Battle of Buna-Gona
and at the Battle of Wau, the Japanese were forced to retreat to Lae and
Salamaua. However, the Lae campaign involved many weeks of fierce fighting,
before the town fell to the Allies on September 16.
Lae's development after the war is directly linked to the development of the
highlands. Coffee and Tea were being grown and a port was needed. Later priority
was given on road access, and the Highlands Highway came into existence. During
the mineral boom of the 1980s and 90's Lae's importance as an economic hub
became clearer.
In 1991 Lae and Port Moresby hosted the South Pacific Games.
Lae is currently known for its high rainfall and great number of potholes in the
roads that earned it the nickname "Pothole City".
Morobe Province (previously named Adolfhafen in German New Guinea) is a province
on the northern coast of Papua New Guinea. The provincial capital is Lae. The
province covers 34,500 km2, with a population of 539,725 (2000 census). The
province has 9 administrative districts and 171 languages are spoken.
Papua New Guinea (IPA: [?p?pju? nju? ?g?ni]), in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini,
officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania,
occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore
islands (the western portion of the island is occupied by the Indonesian
provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific
Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. Its
capital, and one of its few major cities, is Port Moresby. It is one of the most
diverse countries on Earth, with over 850 indigenous languages and at least as
many traditional societies, out of a population of just under 6 million. It is
also one of the most rural, with only 18 per cent of its people living in urban
centres. The country is also one of the world's least explored, culturally and
geographically, and many undiscovered species of plants and animals are thought
to exist in the interior of Papua New Guinea.
The majority of the population live in traditional societies and practise
subsistence-based agriculture. These societies and clans have some explicit
acknowledgement within the nation's constitutional framework. The PNG
Constitution (Preamble 5(4)) expresses the wish for traditional villages and
communities to remain as viable units of Papua New Guinean society, and for
active steps to be taken in their preservation. The PNG legislature has enacted
various laws in which a type of tenure called "customary land title" is
recognised, meaning that the traditional lands of the indigenous peoples have
some legal basis to inalienable tenure. This customary land notionally covers
most of the usable land in the country (some 97% of total land area); alienated
land is either held privately under State Lease or is government land. Freehold
Title (also known as fee simple) can only be held by Papua New Guinea citizens.
The country's geography is similarly diverse and, in places, extremely rugged. A
spine of mountains runs the length of the island of New Guinea, forming a
populous highlands region. Dense rainforests can be found in the lowland and
coastal areas. This terrain has made it difficult for the country to develop
transportation infrastructure. In some areas, planes are the only mode of
transport. After being colonised by three external powers since 1884, Papua New
Guinea gained its independence from Australia in 1975.
History
History of Papua New Guinea
Human remains have been found which have been dated to about 50,000 years ago.
These ancient inhabitants probably had their origins in Southeast Asia.
Agriculture was independently developed in the New Guinea highlands around 9,000
years ago, making it one of the few areas of original plant domestication in the
world. A major migration of Austronesian speaking peoples came to coastal
regions roughly 2,500 years ago, and this is correlated with the introduction of
pottery, pigs, and certain fishing techniques. More recently, some 300 years
ago, the sweet potato entered New Guinea having been introduced to the Moluccas
from South America by the then-locally dominant colonial power, Portugal. The
far higher crop yields from sweet potato gardens radically transformed
traditional agriculture; sweet potato largely supplanted the previous staple,
taro, and gave rise to a significant increase in population in the highlands.
Little was known in the West about the island until the nineteenth century,
although traders from Southeast Asia had been visiting New Guinea as long as
5,000 years ago collecting bird of paradise plumes, and European explorers had
encountered it as early as the sixteenth century. The country's dual name
results from its complex administrative history prior to Independence. The word
papua is derived from a Malay word describing the frizzy Melanesian hair, and
"New Guinea" (Nueva Guinea) was the name coined by the Spanish explorer Y?igo
Ortiz de Retez, who in 1545 noted the resemblance of the people to those he had
earlier seen along the Guinea coast of Africa.
The northern half of the country came into German hands in 1884 as German New
Guinea. During World War I, it was occupied by Australia, which had begun
administering British New Guinea, the southern part, as the re-named Papua in
1904 once Britain was assured by the federation of the Australian colonies that
Queensland, with its equivocal history of race relations, would not have a
direct hand in the administration of the territory. After World War I, Australia
was given a mandate to administer the former German New Guinea by the League of
Nations. Papua, by contrast, was deemed to be an External Territory of the
Australian Commonwealth, though as a matter of law it remained a British
possession, an issue which had significance for the country's post-Independence
legal system after 1975. This difference in legal status meant that Papua and
New Guinea had entirely separate administrations, both controlled by Australia.
The two territories were combined into the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
after World War II, which later was simply referred to as "Papua New Guinea".
The Administration of Papua was now also open to United Nations oversight.
However, certain statutes continued (and continue) to have application only in
one of the two territories, a matter considerably complicated today by the
adjustment of the former boundary among contiguous provinces with respect to
road access and language groups, so that such statutes apply on one side only of
a boundary which no longer exists.
Peaceful independence from Australia, the de facto metropolitan power occurred
on September 16, 1975, and close ties remain (Australia remains the largest
bilateral aid donor to Papua New Guinea).
A secessionist revolt in 1975-76 on the island of Bougainville resulted in an
eleventh-hour modification of the draft Constitution of Papua New Guinea to
allow for Bougainville and the other eighteen districts of pre-Independence
Papua New Guinea to have quasi-federal status as provinces. The revolt recurred
and claimed 20,000 lives from 1988 until it was resolved in 1997. Autonomous
Bougainville recently elected Joseph Kabui as president.
A girl with a dog at Island of Wagifa
Law
Law of Papua New Guinea
The unicameral Parliament enacts legislation in the same manner as in other
jurisdictions having "cabinet," "responsible government," or "parliamentary
democracy": it is introduced by the executive government to the legislature,
debated and, if passed, becomes law when it receives royal assent by the
Governor-General. Most legislation is actually regulation implemented by the
bureaucracy under enabling legislation previously passed by Parliament.
All ordinary statutes enacted by Parliament must be consistent with the
Constitution and the courts have jurisdiction to rule on the constitutionality
of statutes, both in disputes before them and on a reference where there is no
dispute but only an abstract question of law. Unusually among developing
countries, the judicial branch of government in Papua New Guinea has remained
remarkably independent and successive executive governments have continued to
respect its authority.
The "underlying law" — that is, the common law of Papua New Guinea — consists of
English common law as it stood on September 16, 1975 (the date of Independence),
and thereafter the decisions of PNG’s own courts. The courts are directed by the
Constitution and, latterly, the Underlying Law Act, to take note of the "custom"
of traditional communities, with a view to determining which customs are common
to the whole country and may be declared also to be part of the underlying law.
In practice, this has proved extremely difficult and has been largely neglected.
Statutes are largely adopted from overseas jurisdictions, primarily Australia
and England. Advocacy in the courts follows the adversarial pattern of other
common law countries.
Politics
Politics of Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and Queen Elizabeth
II is the head of state, although always referred to as "the head of state" in
the Constitution, rather than as "the Queen." It had been expected by the
constitutional convention, which prepared the draft constitution, and by
Australia, the outgoing metropolitan power, that Papua New Guinea would choose
not to retain its link with the British monarchy. The founders, however,
considered that imperial honours had a cachet that the newly independent state
would not be able to confer with a purely indigenous honours system — the
Monarchy was thus maintained. The Queen is represented in Papua New Guinea by
the Governor-General, currently Sir Paulias Matane. Papua New Guinea is unique
among commonwealth realms in that the Governor-General is effectively selected
by the legislature rather than by the executive.
Actual executive power lies with the Prime Minister, who heads the cabinet. The
unicameral National Parliament has 109 seats, of which 20 are occupied by the
governors of the 19 provinces and the NCD. Candidates for members of parliament
are voted upon when the prime minister calls a national election, a maximum of
five years after the previous national election. In the early years of
independence, the instability of the party system led to frequent votes of
no-confidence in Parliament with resulting falls of the government of the day
and the need for national elections, in accordance with the conventions of
parliamentary democracy. In recent years, successive governments have passed
legislation preventing such votes sooner than 18 months after a national
election. This has arguably resulted in greater stability though, perhaps, at a
cost of reducing the accountability of the executive branch of government.
Elections in PNG attract large numbers of candidates. After independence in
1975, members were elected by the first past the post system, with winners
frequently gaining less than 15% of the vote. Electoral reforms in 2001
introduced the Limited Preferential Vote system (LPV), a version of the
Alternative Vote. The 2007 general election was the first to be conducted using
LPV.
Regions, provinces and districts
Main articles: Regions of Papua New Guinea, Provinces of Papua New Guinea, and
List of Districts and LLGs of Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea is divided into four regions, which are not the primary
administrative divisions, but are quite significant in many aspects of
government, commercial, sporting and other activities.
The nation has 20 province-level divisions: eighteen provinces, the autonomous
province of North Solomons (Bougainville) and the National Capital District.
Each province is divided into one or more districts, which in turn are divided
into one or more Local Level Government areas.
Provinces are the primary administrative divisions of the country. Provincial
governments are branches of the national government — Papua New Guinea is not a
federation of provinces. The province-level divisions are as follows:
Central
Chimbu (Simbu)
Eastern Highlands
East New Britain
East Sepik
Enga
Gulf
Madang
Manus
Milne Bay
Morobe
New Ireland
Northern (Oro Province)
Bougainville (North Solomons)
Southern Highlands
Western Province (Fly)
Western Highlands
West New Britain
West Sepik (Sandaun)
National Capital District
Geography
Map of Papua New Guinea Geography of Papua New Guinea
At 462,840 km2 (178,704 sq mi), Papua New Guinea is the world's fifty-fourth
largest country (after Cameroon). It is comparable in size to Sweden, and
somewhat larger than the US state of California.
Papua New Guinea is mostly mountainous (highest peak: Mount Wilhelm at 4,509 m;
14,793 ft) and mostly covered with rain forest, as well as very large wetland
areas surrounding the Sepik and Fly rivers.
The country is situated on the Pacific Ring of Fire, at the point of collision
of several tectonic plates. There are a number of active volcanoes and eruptions
are frequent. Earthquakes are relatively common, sometimes accompanied by
tsunamis.
The mainland of the country is the eastern half of New Guinea island, where the
largest towns are also located, including the capital Port Moresby and Lae;
other major islands within Papua New Guinea include New Ireland, New Britain,
Manus and Bougainville.
Papua New Guinea is one of the few regions close to the equator that experience
snowfall, which occurs in the most elevated parts of the mainland.
Ecology
Papua New Guinea is part of the Australasia ecozone, which also includes
Australia, New Zealand, eastern Indonesia, and several Pacific island groups,
including the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.
Geologically, the island of New Guinea is a northern extension of the
Indo-Australian tectonic plate, forming part of a single landmass Australia-New
Guinea (also called Sahul or Meganesia). It is connected to the Australian
segment by a shallow continental shelf across the Torres Strait, which in former
ages had lain exposed as a land bridge — particularly during ice ages when sea
levels were lower than at present.
The green jungle of Papua New Guinea bears a stark contrast to the nearby desert
of AustraliaConsequently, many species of birds and mammals found on New Guinea
have close genetic links with corresponding species found in Australia. One
notable feature in common for the two landmasses is the existence of several
species of marsupial mammals, including some kangaroos and possums, which are
not found elsewhere.
Many of the other islands within PNG territory, including New Britain, New
Ireland, Bougainville, the Admiralty Islands, the Trobriand Islands, and the
Louisiade Archipelago, were never linked to New Guinea by land bridges, and they
lack many of the land mammals and flightless birds that are common to New Guinea
and Australia.
Australia and New Guinea are portions of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana,
which started to break into smaller continents in the Cretaceous era, 130–65
million years ago. Australia finally broke free from Antarctica about 45 million
years ago. All the Australasian lands are home to the Antarctic flora, descended
from the flora of southern Gondwana, including the coniferous podocarps and
Araucaria pines, and the broadleafed southern beech (Nothofagus). These plant
families are still present in Papua New Guinea.
As the Indo-Australian Plate (which includes landmasses of India, Australia, and
the Indian Ocean floor in-between) drifts north, it collides with the Eurasian
Plate, and the collision of the two plates pushed up the Himalayas, the
Indonesian islands, and New Guinea's Central Range. The Central Range is much
younger and higher than the mountains of Australia, so high that it is home to
rare equatorial glaciers. New Guinea is part of the humid tropics, and many
Indomalayan rainforest plants spread across the narrow straits from Asia, mixing
together with the old Australian and Antarctic floras.
Densely forested mountains in the Ekuti range of Central PapuaPNG includes a
number of terrestrial ecoregions:
Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests
Central Range montane rain forests
Huon Peninsula montane rain forests
Louisiade Archipelago rain forests
New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests
New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests
Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests
Northern New Guinea montane rain forests
Solomon Islands rain forests (includes Bougainville and Buka)
Southeastern Papuan rain forests
Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests
Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests
Trobriand Islands rain forests
Trans Fly savanna and grasslands
Central Range sub-alpine grasslands
Economy
Economy of Papua New Guinea
Port MoresbyPapua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but
exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain, the high cost of developing
infrastructure, serious law and order problems and the system of land title,
which makes identifying the owners of land for the purpose of negotiating
appropriate agreements problematic. Agriculture provides a subsistence
livelihood for 85% of the population. Mineral deposits, including oil, copper,
and gold, account for 72% of export earnings. Former Prime Minister Sir Mekere
Morauta tried to restore integrity to state institutions, stabilize the kina,
restore stability to the national budget, privatize public enterprises where
appropriate, and ensure ongoing peace on Bougainville following the 1997
agreement which ended Bougainville's secessionist unrest. The Morauta government
had considerable success in attracting international support, specifically
gaining the backing of the IMF and the World Bank in securing development
assistance loans. Significant challenges face the current Prime Minister Sir
Michael Somare, including gaining further investor confidence, continuing
efforts to privatize government assets, and maintaining the support of members
of Parliament. The third quarter (September, 2004) Reserve Bank Report by the
Governor of Bank of PNG showed positive economic stance by the Government, with
inflation at zero. However, in March 2006 the United Nations Committee for
Development Policy called for Papua New Guinea's designation of developing
country to be downgraded to least-developed country because of protracted
economic and social stagnation.
Land tenure
Only some three per cent of the land of Papua New Guinea is alienated; it is
privately held under 99 year State Lease, or it is held by the State. There is
virtually no freehold title; the few existing freeholds are automatically
converted to State Lease when they are transferred between vendor and purchaser.
Unalienated land is owned under customary title by traditional landowners. The
precise nature of the seisin varies from one culture to another, but generally
title is communal and in the hands of traditional clans. This is a matter of
vital importance because a problem of economic development is identifying who
the membership of customary landowning groups is, and thus who the owners are.
Disputes between mining and forestry companies and landowner groups often
devolve on the issue of whether the companies entered into contractual relations
for the use of land with the true owners. Customary property — usually land —
cannot be devised by will; it can only be inherited according to the custom of
the deceased's people.
Demographics
Huli Wigman from the Southern Highlands Demographics of Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea is one of, if not the most heterogeneous nations in the world.
There are hundreds of ethnic groups indigenous to Papua New Guinea, the majority
being from the group known as Papuans, whose ancestors arrived in the New Guinea
region tens of thousands of years ago. The others are Austronesians, their
ancestors having arrived in the region less than four thousand years ago.
Considerable intermixing has taken place over the millennia. There are also
numerous people from other parts of the world now resident, including Chinese,
Europeans, Australians, Filipinos, Polynesians and Micronesians.
Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country, with over 820
indigenous languages, representing twelve percent of the world's total.
Indigenous languages are classified into two large groups: Austronesian
languages and non-Austronesian (or Papuan languages). There are three official
languages for Papua New Guinea. English is an official language, and is the
language of government and the education system, but it is not widely spoken.
The primary lingua franca of the country is Tok Pisin, in which much of the
debate in Parliament is conducted, many information campaigns and advertisements
are presented, and until recently a national newspaper, Wantok, was published.
The only area where Tok Pisin is not prevalent is the southern region of Papua,
where people often use the third official language, Hiri Motu. Although it lies
in the Papua region, Port Moresby has a highly diverse population which
primarily uses Tok Pisin, and to a lesser extent English, with Motu spoken as
the indigenous language in outlying villages. With an average of only 7000
speakers per language, Papua New Guinea has a greater density of languages than
any other nation on earth except Vanuatu.
PNG has the highest incidence of HIV and AIDS in the Pacific region and is the
fourth country in the Asia Pacific region to fit the criteria for a generalised
HIV/AIDS epidemic. Lack of HIV/AIDS awareness is a major problem, especially in
rural areas.
Culture
Culture of Papua New Guinea
Resident of Bago-bago, an island in the southeast of Papua New GuineaThe culture
of Papua New Guinea is multi-faceted and complex. It is estimated that more than
a thousand different cultural groups exist in PNG. Because of this diversity,
many different styles of cultural expression have emerged; each group has
created its own expressive forms in art, dance, weaponry, costumes, singing,
music, architecture and much more.
Most of these different cultural groups have their own language. People
typically live in villages that rely on subsistence farming. In some areas
people hunt and collect wild plants (such as yam roots) to supplement their
diets. Those who become skilled at hunting, farming and fishing earn a great
deal of respect.
On the Sepik river, there is a famous tradition of wood carving, often in the
form of plants or animals, representing ancestor spirits.
Sea shells are no longer the currency of Papua New Guinea, as they were in some
regions — sea shells were abolished as currency in 1933. However, this heritage
is still present in local customs; in some cultures, to get a bride, a groom
must bring a certain number of golden-edged clam shells as a bride price. In
other regions, bride price is paid in lengths of shell money, pigs, cassowaries
or cash; elsewhere, bride price is unknown and it is brides who must pay dowry.
People of the highlands engage in colourful local rituals that are called "sing
sings". They paint themselves, and dress up with feathers, pearls and animal
skins to represent birds, trees or mountain spirits. Sometimes an important
event, such as a legendary battle, is enacted at such a musical festival. (See
also Music of Papua New Guinea.)
Sport
Sport in Papua New Guinea
See also: Rugby league in Papua New Guinea
Sport is an important part of PNG culture. The national sport, although not
official, is considered to be rugby league. In a nation where communities are
far apart and many people live at a minimal subsistence level, rugby league has
been described as a replacement for tribal warfare as a way of explaining the
local enthusiasm for the game (a matter of life and death). Many Papua New
Guineans have become instant celebrities by representing their country or
playing in an overseas professional league. Even Australian rugby league players
who have played in the annual (Australian) State of Origin clash, which is
celebrated feverishly every year in PNG, are among the most well known
identities throughout the nation. The Papua New Guinea national rugby league
team usually play against the Australian national rugby league team each year in
Port Moresby. It is such a popular fixture that thousands of people can't get
into the ground once it's full, causing people to climb onto the stadium roof or
up trees outside the ground in order to see the match. The limited capacity of
the stadium for this fixture often sparks riots. Spectators clashed with riot
police during this fixture in 2006.
Australian Rules football has experienced considerable growth over the past
decade, now being Papua New Guinea's second most popular sport. They also boast
the second highest number of players in the world. The Papua New Guinea national
Australian rules football team competed at both the 2002 and 2005 International
Cups and were runners-up both times (to Ireland and New Zealand respectively).
AFL-PNG is the governing body of the sport in Papua New Guinea. Mal Michael is a
famous Papua New Guinean footballer in the AFL, and his popularity has helped
increase awareness of the game in his homeland.
Other major sports which have a part in the PNG sporting landscape are soccer,
rugby union and, in eastern Papua, cricket. The national rugby union team have
in the past attempted to qualify for the Rugby World Cup, but have yet to debut.
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